Animals
1. General characteristics of animals
- They are multicellular
- They are eucaryotic
- They are heterothropic
- Their cells haven't got cell wall
- Their cells haven't got chlorophyll
invertebrates - bezkręgowce
vertebrates - kręgowce
2. Animal tissues
- Tissues are groups of cells with a common function and structure
- In most animals combinations of various tissues make functional units called organs: brain, liver, lungs, stomach, heart
- Groups of organs that work together form organ systems
brain - mózg
liver - wątroba
lungs - płuca
stomach - żołądek
heart - serce
3. Types of animal tissues
Epithelial tissue - covers the outside of body and lines organs and cavities within the body. Cells of epithelium are closely joined; this tight packing enables the epithelium to function as a barrier protecting against mechanical injury, invasive microorganisms or fluid loss. Some epithelia are called glandular epithelia; which absorb or secrete chemical solutions.
Connective tissue - functions mainly to bind and support other tissue. There are many different types of connective tissue which forms tendons, ligaments, bone, cartilage, blood and adipose tissue.
Nervous tissue - senses stimuli and transmites signals from one part of animal to another. The functional unit of nervous tissue is neuron, which consists of a cell body and two more extensions, called dendrites and axons.
Muscle tissue - composed of long cells called muscle fibre, that are capable to contract when stimulated by nerve impulse.
Types of muscle tissues:
- skeletal muscle - attached to bones by tendons; responsible for voluntary movement of the body
- cardiac muscle - forms the contractive wall of the heart; doesn't depend on human's will
- smooth muscle - responsible for involuntary body activities; found in the walls of digestive track, urinary bladder, blood vessels, etc.
epithelium tissue - tkanka nabłonkowa
glandular epithelia - nabłonek gruczołowy
cavities - jamy
tight - ściśle do siebie przylegający
mechanical injury - uszkodzenie mechaniczne
fluid loss - utrata płynów
tendon - ścięgno
ligaments - wiązadło
bone - kość
cartilage - chrząstka
adipose tissue - tkanka tłuszczowa
to contract - kurczyć się
skeletal muscle - mięsień szkieletowy
cardiac muscle - mięsień sercowy
smooth muscle - mięsień gładki
digestive track - przewód pokarmowy
urinary bladder - pęcherz moczowy
blood vessels - naczynia krwionośne
4. Primitive invertebrates: sponges and cnidaria
1. Phylum porifera; sponges
- They are sessile marine animals
- 9,000 species; 100 in fresh water
- Haven't tissues - no nerves and muscles, but individual cells can react to changes in the enviroment
- Body is sac-perforated, with holes; water is drown through the pores into a central cavity, then flows out through a larger opening. More complex sponges have folded body walls
- They are filter-feeders
- They are hermaphrodites; each sponge functions as male and female - They are capable to regenerate extensively
2. Phylum cnidaria
- Hydras, jellyfishes, sea anemone, coral animals
- 10,000 species
- Mostly marine
- Simple body construction
- Radial symmetry
- Basic body plan has 2 variations:
- Have got cnidocytes; unique cells that function in defence and in capture of prey
- Have got muscles and nerves in the simplest form
3. Phylum platyhelminthes; flatworms
- 20,000 species
- They live in sea, fresh water and damp terrestrial habitats
- There are many parasite species
- Their body is flattened dorsoventrally
- They're not symmetric
- Have got tough cuticule
- Completed digestive tract
- Haven't got circulatory system
- Live in aquatic habitats, wet soil, moist tissues of plants and in the body, body fluids or tissues of animals
- About 90,000 species
5. Phylum Annelida
- Segmented externally and internally
- Over 17,000 species
- Live in marine/fresh water and damp soil
- Most aquatic are bottom dweller that burrow in sand
hydra - stułbia
jellyfish - meduza
sea anemone - ukwiał
coral animals - koralowce
flatworms - płazińce
roundworms - nicienie
turbellarias - wirki
tremadotas - przywry
tapeworms - tasiemce
damp terrestrial habitats - podmokłe siedliska lądowe
flattened dorsoventrally - spłaszczony grzebieto-brzusznie
sessile - osiadły
radial symmetry - symetria promieniowa
floating - wolnopływający, dryfujący
carnivorous - drapieżne, mięsożerne
prey - ofiara, zdobycz
tentacles - macki, ramiona
bottom dweller - mieszkaniec
burrow - zakopywać, chować się
5. The Phylum Arthropoda
- Includes spiders, insects, centipedes, millipedes, shrimps, crustaceans
- They have segmented body called exoskeleton and have haemocoeles (body cavities filled with blood)
- Exoskeleton is made of cuticle (made of chitin), which covers outside of the body
bee, wasp, termite, ladybird, dragonfly, flea, louse (lice), beetle, moth, butterfly, gnat, locust, grasshopper, cricket, cockroach
Crustaceans:
lobster, shrimp, prawn, crayfish, crab
arthropods - stawonogi
arachnida - pajęczaki
insecta - owady
crustacea - skorupiaki
thorax - tułów
abdomen/prosoma - odwłok
cephalothorax/opisthosoma - głowotułów
exoskeleton - szkielet zewnętrzny
cuticle - naskórek
antennae - czułki
tick - kleszcz
mites - roztocza
centipedes - stonogi
millipedes - krocionogi
shrimps - krewetki
bee - pszczoła
wasp - osa
termite - termite
ladybird - biedronka
dragonfly - ważka
flea - pchła
louse (lice) - wesz (wszy)
beetle - chrząszcz, żuk
moth - ćma
butterfly - motyl
locust - szarańcza
grasshopper - konik polny
cricket - świerszcz
cockroach - karaluch
lobster - homar
shrimp - krewetka
prawn - krewetka
crayfish - rak
crab - krab
6. The Phylum Mollusca
- Snail has a soft body, covered by protective mucus or slime and hard shell where the snail hides, when it's in danger
- Internal organs are covered by mantle, which secretes the shell, that contains organs which are used for gas exchange
- Molluscs have a body plan composed of 3 parts:
bivalves - małże
gastropods - ślimaki
cephalopods - głowonogi
molluscs - mięczaki
herbivorous - roślinożerny
coiled - spiralny
moulting - linienie
mucus - śluz
slime - szlam
shell - muszla, skorupa
mantle - płaszcz
radula - tarka
visceral mass - worek trzewiowy
snail - ślimak
slug - ślimak nagi
clam - małż
mussel - omułek
scallop - przegrzebek
oyster - ostryga
squid - kałamarnica
octopus - ośmiornica
chambered nautilius - łodzik
1. General characteristics of animals
- They are multicellular
- They are eucaryotic
- They are heterothropic
- Their cells haven't got cell wall
- Their cells haven't got chlorophyll
invertebrates - bezkręgowce
vertebrates - kręgowce
2. Animal tissues
- Tissues are groups of cells with a common function and structure
- In most animals combinations of various tissues make functional units called organs: brain, liver, lungs, stomach, heart
- Groups of organs that work together form organ systems
brain - mózg
liver - wątroba
lungs - płuca
stomach - żołądek
heart - serce
3. Types of animal tissues
Epithelial tissue - covers the outside of body and lines organs and cavities within the body. Cells of epithelium are closely joined; this tight packing enables the epithelium to function as a barrier protecting against mechanical injury, invasive microorganisms or fluid loss. Some epithelia are called glandular epithelia; which absorb or secrete chemical solutions.
Connective tissue - functions mainly to bind and support other tissue. There are many different types of connective tissue which forms tendons, ligaments, bone, cartilage, blood and adipose tissue.
Nervous tissue - senses stimuli and transmites signals from one part of animal to another. The functional unit of nervous tissue is neuron, which consists of a cell body and two more extensions, called dendrites and axons.
Muscle tissue - composed of long cells called muscle fibre, that are capable to contract when stimulated by nerve impulse.
Types of muscle tissues:
- skeletal muscle - attached to bones by tendons; responsible for voluntary movement of the body
- cardiac muscle - forms the contractive wall of the heart; doesn't depend on human's will
- smooth muscle - responsible for involuntary body activities; found in the walls of digestive track, urinary bladder, blood vessels, etc.
epithelium tissue - tkanka nabłonkowa
glandular epithelia - nabłonek gruczołowy
cavities - jamy
tight - ściśle do siebie przylegający
mechanical injury - uszkodzenie mechaniczne
fluid loss - utrata płynów
tendon - ścięgno
ligaments - wiązadło
bone - kość
cartilage - chrząstka
adipose tissue - tkanka tłuszczowa
to contract - kurczyć się
skeletal muscle - mięsień szkieletowy
cardiac muscle - mięsień sercowy
smooth muscle - mięsień gładki
digestive track - przewód pokarmowy
urinary bladder - pęcherz moczowy
blood vessels - naczynia krwionośne
4. Primitive invertebrates: sponges and cnidaria
1. Phylum porifera; sponges
- They are sessile marine animals
- 9,000 species; 100 in fresh water
- Haven't tissues - no nerves and muscles, but individual cells can react to changes in the enviroment
- Body is sac-perforated, with holes; water is drown through the pores into a central cavity, then flows out through a larger opening. More complex sponges have folded body walls
- They are filter-feeders
- They are hermaphrodites; each sponge functions as male and female - They are capable to regenerate extensively
2. Phylum cnidaria
- Hydras, jellyfishes, sea anemone, coral animals
- 10,000 species
- Mostly marine
- Simple body construction
- Radial symmetry
- Basic body plan has 2 variations:
- sessile polyp
- floating medusa (moves freely in water)
- Have got cnidocytes; unique cells that function in defence and in capture of prey
- Have got muscles and nerves in the simplest form
3. Phylum platyhelminthes; flatworms
- 20,000 species
- They live in sea, fresh water and damp terrestrial habitats
- There are many parasite species
- Their body is flattened dorsoventrally
- Turbellarias
- free-living
- mostly marine
- Trematodas (flukes)
- Tapeworms
- parasites on or in other animals; have suckers for attracting to internal organs or to outer surface of the host
- They're not symmetric
- Have got tough cuticule
- Completed digestive tract
- Haven't got circulatory system
- Live in aquatic habitats, wet soil, moist tissues of plants and in the body, body fluids or tissues of animals
- About 90,000 species
5. Phylum Annelida
- Segmented externally and internally
- Over 17,000 species
- Live in marine/fresh water and damp soil
- Most aquatic are bottom dweller that burrow in sand
hydra - stułbia
jellyfish - meduza
sea anemone - ukwiał
coral animals - koralowce
flatworms - płazińce
roundworms - nicienie
turbellarias - wirki
tremadotas - przywry
tapeworms - tasiemce
damp terrestrial habitats - podmokłe siedliska lądowe
flattened dorsoventrally - spłaszczony grzebieto-brzusznie
sessile - osiadły
radial symmetry - symetria promieniowa
floating - wolnopływający, dryfujący
carnivorous - drapieżne, mięsożerne
prey - ofiara, zdobycz
tentacles - macki, ramiona
bottom dweller - mieszkaniec
burrow - zakopywać, chować się
5. The Phylum Arthropoda
- Includes spiders, insects, centipedes, millipedes, shrimps, crustaceans
- They have segmented body called exoskeleton and have haemocoeles (body cavities filled with blood)
- Exoskeleton is made of cuticle (made of chitin), which covers outside of the body
- Insecta
Body divided into head, thorax and abdomen; antennae is present; mouth parts modified for chewing, sucking or lapping; usually with 2 pairs of wings and 3 pairs of legs; mostly terrestrial
- Crustacea
Body has 2 or 3 parts; antennae is present; chewing mouthparts; 3 or more pairs of legs; mostly marine - Arachnida
Body has 1 or 2 main parts; 6 pairs of appendages (chelicerae, pedipalps, 4 pairs of legs); mostly terrestrial
bee, wasp, termite, ladybird, dragonfly, flea, louse (lice), beetle, moth, butterfly, gnat, locust, grasshopper, cricket, cockroach
Crustaceans:
lobster, shrimp, prawn, crayfish, crab
arthropods - stawonogi
arachnida - pajęczaki
insecta - owady
crustacea - skorupiaki
thorax - tułów
abdomen/prosoma - odwłok
cephalothorax/opisthosoma - głowotułów
exoskeleton - szkielet zewnętrzny
cuticle - naskórek
antennae - czułki
tick - kleszcz
mites - roztocza
centipedes - stonogi
millipedes - krocionogi
shrimps - krewetki
bee - pszczoła
wasp - osa
termite - termite
ladybird - biedronka
dragonfly - ważka
flea - pchła
louse (lice) - wesz (wszy)
beetle - chrząszcz, żuk
moth - ćma
butterfly - motyl
locust - szarańcza
grasshopper - konik polny
cricket - świerszcz
cockroach - karaluch
lobster - homar
shrimp - krewetka
prawn - krewetka
crayfish - rak
crab - krab
6. The Phylum Mollusca
- Snail has a soft body, covered by protective mucus or slime and hard shell where the snail hides, when it's in danger
- Internal organs are covered by mantle, which secretes the shell, that contains organs which are used for gas exchange
- Molluscs have a body plan composed of 3 parts:
- foot - mascular organ of locomotion, food capture or combination of functions
- mantle - a covering of the visceral mass - secretes a shell (if there is)
- visceral mass - contains internal organs (digestive tract, kidney, gonades)
bivalves - małże
gastropods - ślimaki
cephalopods - głowonogi
molluscs - mięczaki
herbivorous - roślinożerny
coiled - spiralny
moulting - linienie
mucus - śluz
slime - szlam
shell - muszla, skorupa
mantle - płaszcz
radula - tarka
visceral mass - worek trzewiowy
snail - ślimak
slug - ślimak nagi
clam - małż
mussel - omułek
scallop - przegrzebek
oyster - ostryga
squid - kałamarnica
octopus - ośmiornica
chambered nautilius - łodzik
©2011-2013 by Oskar Zmarzły