1. Components of earth's crust
- The earth's crust is the outerest layer of the litosphere, built of rocks.
Rocks - sets of minerals
Minerals - sets of elements or compounds, which were created by nature with no human action
Ores - metal compounds, mainly salts and oxides
- Elements appearing in the earth's crust in the free form:
Lime rocks - main component is CaCO₃ (calcite). They're water insoluble, white and hard. Moreover, limestone and chalk are brittle. Chalk is slimy.
- Gypsum rocks:
Mortar production:
What do we need? CaCO₃, SiO₂, H₂O
What happens? Calcite is placed in blast furnace and thermodecomposition undergoes.
CaCO₃ ---> CO₂ + CaO | CaO + H₂O ---> CA(OH)₂
CA(OH)₂ ---> SiO₂ ---> CaSiO₂ + H₂O | Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ ---> CaCO₃ * H₂O
CaSiO₂ + CaCO₂ ---> mortar
- Fossil fuels
- raphinery gas -> up to 50C (gas)
- petrol (benzyna) -> 50C - 150C (liquid)
- kerosene (nafta) -> 150C - 200C (liquid)
- oils -> 200C - 250C (liquid)
- greases (smary) -> 250 - 300C (liquid)
- mazult -> 300-350C (hard)
- asphalt -> 350C+ (hard)
Coal destilation:
- anthacite -> 90% of coal
- stare coal -> 87% of coal
- brown coal -> 70% of coal
- peat -> 60% of coal
Silicon (IV) oxide (SiO₂)
Glass production
What do we need? CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, SiO₂
What happens? Both carbonates are being decomposed in a glass furnace.
What happens? CaCO₃ ---> CaO + CO₂
Na₂CO₃ ---> Na₂O + CO₂
Silicon is added into the furnace, and obtained oxides react with it.
CaO ---> SiO₂ ---> CaSiO₃
Na₂O + SiO₂ ---> Na₂SiO₃ (glass mass (liquid))
Colors of glass (when added to glass mass):
- blue ---> copper (II) or cobalt salt
- red ---> iron (III) or so called colloidal gold
- green ---> nickel salt
- yellow ---> sulphur
- Soil
Soil - the most outer layer of the Earth's crust, which was created because of wheathering.
- Wheathering
- Metals and alloys
Alloys - homogeneous mixtures of at least 2 metals (except iron and coal).
What metals and alloys do have in common:
- The earth's crust is the outerest layer of the litosphere, built of rocks.
Rocks - sets of minerals
Minerals - sets of elements or compounds, which were created by nature with no human action
Ores - metal compounds, mainly salts and oxides
- Elements appearing in the earth's crust in the free form:
- Metals: gold, silver, platinum, uranium
- Non-metals: sulphur, carbon
- Medical: gypsum, titanium, sodium, chloride
- Energetic: uranium, carbon, fossil fuels
- constructory: gypsum, silica, lime, copper
- Art: gypsum, gold, silver, platinum, iron, silicon
- Metallurgy: ores, silica, lime
- limestone (wapień)
- chalk (kreda)
- marble (marmur)
Lime rocks - main component is CaCO₃ (calcite). They're water insoluble, white and hard. Moreover, limestone and chalk are brittle. Chalk is slimy.
- Gypsum rocks:
- antyhydrate (CaSO₄) (natural)
- alabaster (CaSO₄ * H₂O) (natural)
- burned gypsum ((CaSO₄)₂ * H₂O) (synthetic)
Mortar production:
What do we need? CaCO₃, SiO₂, H₂O
What happens? Calcite is placed in blast furnace and thermodecomposition undergoes.
CaCO₃ ---> CO₂ + CaO | CaO + H₂O ---> CA(OH)₂
CA(OH)₂ ---> SiO₂ ---> CaSiO₂ + H₂O | Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ ---> CaCO₃ * H₂O
CaSiO₂ + CaCO₂ ---> mortar
- Fossil fuels
- natural gas (90% methane)
- petroleum (ropa naftowa) (mixture of hydrocarbons)
- coal
- raphinery gas -> up to 50C (gas)
- petrol (benzyna) -> 50C - 150C (liquid)
- kerosene (nafta) -> 150C - 200C (liquid)
- oils -> 200C - 250C (liquid)
- greases (smary) -> 250 - 300C (liquid)
- mazult -> 300-350C (hard)
- asphalt -> 350C+ (hard)
Coal destilation:
- anthacite -> 90% of coal
- stare coal -> 87% of coal
- brown coal -> 70% of coal
- peat -> 60% of coal
Silicon (IV) oxide (SiO₂)
- Sand - transparent or opaque, odourless, yellow, white, brown, black
- Mountain crystal - odourless
- Amethyst - transparent, purple, pink, colourless
- Agate - opaque, green, black, red, white, blue
- Tiger's eye - opaque, black with yellow or orange stripes
- Jasper - opaque, red
- Chalcedon - opaque, grey
- Citrin - transparent, lemon yellow
- Smoked quartz- semi-transparent, odourless, brown
Glass production
What do we need? CaCO₃, Na₂CO₃, SiO₂
What happens? Both carbonates are being decomposed in a glass furnace.
What happens? CaCO₃ ---> CaO + CO₂
Na₂CO₃ ---> Na₂O + CO₂
Silicon is added into the furnace, and obtained oxides react with it.
CaO ---> SiO₂ ---> CaSiO₃
Na₂O + SiO₂ ---> Na₂SiO₃ (glass mass (liquid))
Colors of glass (when added to glass mass):
- blue ---> copper (II) or cobalt salt
- red ---> iron (III) or so called colloidal gold
- green ---> nickel salt
- yellow ---> sulphur
- Soil
Soil - the most outer layer of the Earth's crust, which was created because of wheathering.
- Wheathering
- physical: action of wind, sun, erosion, frozen water
- chemical: action of every chemical substance
- biological: action of different system or organisms
- solid: sorption complex:
- humus and other substances insoluble in water - liquid: soil solution:
- water and minerals which are water soluble - gases:
- nitrogen
- carbon dioxide
- oxygen
- methane
- Metals and alloys
Alloys - homogeneous mixtures of at least 2 metals (except iron and coal).
What metals and alloys do have in common:
- solid phase
- silverine (yellow gold or orange copper)
- conduct heat
- conduct electricity
- majority is water insoluble (metals from 1st and 2nd group)
- are plastical
©2011-2013 by Oskar Zmarzły